Sundial, calendar and Khmer temples


Experimental astronomy

applied on research of solar orientation of Khmer temples in SE-Asia.

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Sundial in NE-Thailand (Isan)

     An experiment in astronomy / astro-archaeology on a hillock in the Phu Phan Mountain Chain, NE-Thailand: How prehistoric man might have determined the equinox days and  the cardinal directions by using a simple sundial - a gnomon.

Astroarchaeology and Khmer temples in SE-Asia

     Determination of the orientation of ancient Khmer temples based on solar observations with emphasis on 'temple-mountains' as for example Prasat Phanom Rung, Prasat Phu Phek (Thailand), Prasat Wat Phu (Laos), and Prasat Preah Vihear (Cambodia).

 

The gnomon (sundial):

1. Introduction

2. The sundial
     1997-99: The first experiments
     in sundial construction
 

 

Prasat Phanom Rung:

1: General information

3: Astro-Archaeology I: Art

4: Astro-archaeology II: Theories.

 

3. Equinox Path I
     1999: The first attempts
     in constructing a 'solar-path'
     towards the equinoctial point.

 

 

5: The solar-lunar event 2000-2009

6: Archaeoastronomic touring 2007

7: The Lunar Eclipse, March 2007

8: Annual festivities

4. Equinox Path II
     2008: Determining equinox day
     and the cardinal directions
     using gnomon and solar gates

 

 

9: Sunrises and sunsets
       at Prasat Phanom Rung in 2009

10: อาทิตย์ตรงช่องประตูปราสาทพนมรุ้ง 2552

 

 

5. The solstice days
     Equinox is easy to determine;
     solstice is more complicated.

 

 

11: Articles in the Muang Boran Journal:

The Sun, the Moon, and Rahu at Prasat Phanom Rung

วารสารเมืองโบราณ:
ภาษาไทย
สุริยัน จันทรา และราหูที่ปราสาทพนมรุ้ง: ข้อสังเกตทางโบราณดาราศาสตร์

6. Determination of true north
     Two methods determining
     true north.

 

 

12: Articles in the Bangkok Post:

New light on an ancient site
(23 March 2000).

Celestial romp!
(1 March 2007).

7. The Vedic Circle
     or the Indian Circle:
     An ancient method
     for determination  
     of the cardinal directions.
 

 

Kuti Rishi Ban Khok Muang:

A Jayavarman VII 'hospital shrine'

 

 

8. Lunar calendar
     The moon's shadow
     on the sundial.

9. Analemma graphs


 

Prasat Phu Phek:

Field research and measurements
at a mountain-temple in Sakon Nakon.

Not a 'solar calendar'

 

10. A modern Solar House
      The author's office with
      embedded calendric aspects.
 


 

Prasat Preah Vihear / Phra Vihan

An ancient Khmer temple
orientated towards true north

Preah Vihear

 

2004-2008 exploration:

Locations of ancient Khmer temples
in NE-Thailand:

Locations of Khmer temples

 

Muang Tam:

General information

 

 

2004-2005 exploration

The Cultural Route or the Royal Road
from Angkor in Cambodia to Phimai in Thailand:

The Dharmasala Route

The jungle temple:

A Khmer temple in no-man's land
on the Thai-Cambodian border

Ta Khwai
 

Angkor Wat:

Solstitial alignments

Sunrise at Angkor Wat

 

Prasat Ta Muean Thom:

A landmark along the ancient route
from Angkor to the Khorat Plateau
on top of the Dangrek Mountain Chain

Prasat Ta Muean Thom

Banteay Srey:

1: Banteay Srey art

 

 

Wat Phu - Champassak - 2006:

1. Vat Phou (Wat Phu)

2. The Ancient City - Shrestrapura

    (Tomo, Nang Sida, Ban That etc.)

Bayon:

Bayon art

 

 

Prasat Sdok Kok Thom (I):

An ancient Khmer temple
orientated towards true east

General information
 

The Vajra

A literature study on Indra's thunderbolt, which is also used as a meditation object by Mahayana Buddhist

 

Prasat Sdok Kok Thom (II):

Field-notes and methods on astro-archaeology
from a visit around spring equinox 2009

Sunrise through the gates

Link page

Navagraha:

The nine 'seizers' influencing
the destinies of men ...

The Nine Celestial Deities

 

       

The author has conducted GPS-based field-research on some 300 Khmer temples - mostly in NE-Thailand.
The purpose has been to determine the 3 basic factors of astro-archaeological calculations: Location, orientation, and age.

Coming new book:
108 Khmer Temples in Isan
A GPS-survey for modern travellers
(with pictures on 2 CDs)

April 2009 © Asger Mollerup

macsida@thai-isan-lao.com

www.thai-isan-lao.com